Railway Notes (Some Important Terminology Used in Games)

Some Important Terminology Used in Games

Static GK being an integral part of exam, we are providing you the list of important Terminology used in games that might appear in any of the upcoming examinations. Friends, Static is a part in which you have to study in bits and parts. So do read it on a light note and revise it after two or three days and we can assure that you will retain the names and their states till the exam.

 

Some Important Terminology Used in Games

Sr. No.	Words Used	Games
	Drop	Rowing
	Let, Smash, Deuce, Uber Cup, Thomas cup	Badminton
	Bishop, Checkmate, Knight	Chess
	Cover Drive, Boundary, L.B.W.(Leg Before Wicket), C.W.B.(Caught Behind Wicket)   , Ashes , Googly, Duleep Trophy, Ranji Trophy, Wisden Trophy	Cricket
	Hitter, Batter	Baseball
	Caddie, Tee, Par, Put	Golf
	Target, Bull’s Eye	Archery
	Corner, Bully, Stick, Long Corner	Hockey
	Jump Ball	Basketball
	Cue, Cannon, Long Jenny, Jigger	Billiards
	Knockout, Welter Weight, Jab, Cut	Boxing
	Dribble, Corner Kick, Penalty, Yellow Card, Tie-Breaker, Subroto Cup, B. C. Roy Trophy, Durand Cup	Football
	Davis Cup, Wimbledon Trophy, French Open, U S. Open	Tennis
	Plug, Muzzle	Shooting
	Derby Cup	Horse Racing

 

Civics /Polity (Polity Notes: The Parliament of India)

Polity Notes: The Parliament of India

The Organization of the Parliament

1. The Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
2. Lok Sabha is the Lower House (First Chamber or Popular House) and Rajya Sabha is the Upper House (Second Chamber or House of Elders).

The Composition of Rajya Sabha

1. The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250, out of which, 238 are to be the representatives of the states and union territories (elected indirectly) and 12 are nominated by the president.
2. At present, the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Of these, 229 members represent the states, 4 members represent the union territories and 12 members are nominated by the president.
3. The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and union territories.
4. The representatives of states in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of state legislative assemblies. The seats are allotted to the states in the Rajya Sabha on the basis of population.

NOTE – Population as ascertained on the basis of 2001 census as per 87^thAmendment Act, 2003.

The Composition of Lok Sabha

1. The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552. Out of this, 530 members are to be the representatives of the states, 20 members are to be the representatives of the union territories and 2 members may be nominated by the president from the Anglo-Indian community.
2. At present, the Lok Sabha has 545 members.
3. The representatives of states in the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people from their respective constituencies.
4. The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988.

Duration of the two Houses of Parliament

1. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution. However, one-third of its members retire every second year. The retiring members are eligible for re-election and re-nomination any number of times.
2. Unlike the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha is not a continuing chamber. Its normal term is five years from the date of its first meeting after the general elections, after which it automatically dissolves.

Qualification, disqualifications etc. to be an MP

1. Eligibility

      (a) Citizen of India.
      (b) Minimum age – 30 years in Rajya Sabha and 25 years in Lok Sabha.
      (c) He must possess other qualifications prescribed by Parliament. (Hence, the Representation of People Act, 1951).

2. For being disqualified for being elected as an MP:

      (a) If he holds any office of profit under the Union or state government
      (b) If he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a court.
      (c) If he is an undischarged insolvent.
      (d) if he is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign state or is under any acknowledgement of allegiance to a foreign state; and
      (e) If he is so disqualified under any law made by Parliament (RPA, 1951).

3. The Constitution also lays down that a person shall be disqualified from being a member of Parliament if he is so disqualified on the ground of defection under the provisions of the Tenth Schedule.
4. Double Membership - A person cannot be a member of both Houses of Parliament at the same time.
5. A House can declare the seat of a member vacant if he is absent from all its meetings for a period of sixty days without its permission.

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha

1. The Speaker is elected by the Lok Sabha from amongst its members (as soon as may be, after its first sitting). The date of election of the Speaker is fixed by the President.
2. The Speaker offers his resignation to the Deputy Speaker and he can be removed by a resolution passed by a majority of members of Lok Sabha, however, only after giving him a 14-day notice.
3. He presides over a joint setting of the two Houses of Parliament. Such a sitting is summoned by the President to settle a deadlock between the two Houses on a bill.
4. He decides whether a bill is a money bill or not and his decision on this question is final.
5. He can’t vote in the first instance, though can vote in the event of a tie. When his removal motion is under consideration, he can take part and speak in the proceedings and can vote as well but not in the case of a tie. He can’t preside in that case. However, his motion can be passed by an absolute majority only and can be considered only if it has the support of at least 50 members.
6. G.V Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha.
7. The longest serving Speaker of Lok Sabha so far has been Balram Jakhar.
8. NOTE – There’s also a post known as Speaker Pro Tem, appointed by the President himself. He is usually the oldest member of the last Lok Sabha and he presides over the first session of the incoming Lok Sabha. President administers him the oath.

The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha

1. Like the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker is also elected by the Lok Sabha itself from amongst its members.
2. The date of election of the Deputy Speaker is fixed by the Speaker. The removal process is same as that of speaker and he offers his resignation to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
3. Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha.
4. He presides over the joint sitting in case of absence of the Speaker.

Sessions of Parliament

A ‘session’ of Parliament is the period spanning between the first sitting of a House and its prorogation (or dissolution in the case of the Lok Sabha). The time period between the prorogation of a House and its reassembly in a new session is called ‘Recess’. There are usually three sessions. The budget session is the longest and winter is the shortest.

1. The Budget Session (February to May);
2. The Monsoon Session (July to September); and
3. The Winter Session (November to December).

Important parliamentary terms, points, motions, bills, questions and Committees

1. The maximum gap between two sessions of Parliament cannot be more than six months.
2. The President summons and prorogues the two houses of parliament.
3. Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be present in the House before transaction of any business. It is one-tenth of the total number of members in each House including the presiding officer. It means that there must be at least 55 members present in the Lok Sabha and 25 in the Rajya Sabha.
4. Every minister and the attorney general of India have the right to speak and take part in the proceedings of either House, any joint sitting of both the Houses and any committee of Parliament of which he is a member, without being entitled to vote.
5. Lame-Duck session refers to the last session of the existing Lok Sabha, after a new Lok Sabha has been elected.
6. Question Hour is the first hour of every parliamentary sitting.
7. A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow.
8. An unstarred question, on the other hand, requires a written answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow.
9. A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.
10. The zero hour starts immediately after the question hour and lasts until the agenda for the day (that is, regular business of the House) is taken up. In other words, the time gap between the question hour and the agenda is known as zero hour. It is an Indian innovation in the field of parliamentary procedures and has been in existence since 1962.
11. Adjournment Motion It is introduced in the Parliament to draw attention of the House to a definite matter of urgent public importance, and needs the support of 50 members to be admitted. Rajya Sabha isn’t permitted to make use of this device and the discussion should last for not less than two hours and thirty minutes.
12. No-Confidence Motion Article 75 of the Constitution says that the council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. It means that the ministry stays in office so long as it enjoys confidence of the majority of the members of the Lok Sabha. In other words, the Lok Sabha can remove the ministry from office by passing a no-confidence motion. The motion needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.
13. A bill is a proposal for legislation and it becomes an act or law when duly enacted. It could be classified as a private member bill or a public bill. A public bill is the one introduced by any minister and a private bill is the one which is otherwise.
14. Bills can be ordinary, money or financial and constitutional amendment bills. Money bills are the ones which are concerned with taxation, money matters which are specifically mentioned in article 110. Financial bill are also concerned with such matters though with slight differences and are mention in articles 117(1) and 117(3). Constitution amendment bills, which are concerned with the amendment of the provisions of the Constitution.
15. The Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend a money bill. It can only make the recommendations. It must return the bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, wither with or without recommendations. The decision of the speaker is final in deciding a bill is money bill or not. Also, every such bill is deemed to be a public bill.
16. The provision of joint sitting is applicable to ordinary bills or financial bills only and not to money bills or Constitutional amendment bills. In the case of a money bill, the Lok Sabha has overriding powers, while a Constitutional amendment bill must be passed by each House separately.
17. The term ‘budget’ has nowhere been used in the Constitution. It is the popular name for the ‘annual financial statement’ that has been dealt with in Article 112 of the Constitution.
18. The Railway Budget was separated from the General Budget in 1921 on the recommendations of the Acworth Committee. From the year 2017, the railway budget and the main financial budget were again merged and in 2017 the budget was presented on the 1^st February, 2017.
19. Consolidated Fund of India - It is a fund to which all receipts are credited and all payments are debited. In other words, (a) all revenues received by the Government of India; (b) all loans raised by the Government by the issue of treasury bills, loans or ways and means of advances; and (c) all money received by the government in repayment of loans forms the Consolidated Fund of India. Mentioned in article 266.
20. Public Account of India - All other public money (other than those which are credited to the Consolidated Fund of India) received by or on behalf of the Government of India shall be credited to the Public Account of India.
21. Contingency Fund of India - The Constitution authorised the Parliament to establish a ‘Contingency Fund of India’, into which amounts determined by law are paid from time to time. Accordingly, the Parliament enacted the contingency fund of India Act in 1950. This fund is placed at the disposal of the president, and he can make advances out of it to meet unforeseen expenditure pending its authorisation by the Parliament.
22. Public Accounts Committee - It consists of 22 members (15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha). Term of members – 1 year. A minister cannot be elected as a member of the committee. The chairman of the committee is appointed by the Speaker from amongst its members. Until 1966–67, the chairman of the committee belonged to the ruling party. However, since 1967 a convention has developed whereby the chairman of the committee is selected invariably from the Opposition. The function of the committee is to examine the annual audit reports of the comptroller and auditor general of India (CAG), which are laid before the Parliament by the president.
23. Estimates Committee – The largest committee of the Parliament. Present number of members is 30. All the thirty members are from Lok Sabha only. The term of office is one year. A minister cannot be elected as a member of the committee. The chairman of the committee is appointed by the Speaker from amongst its members and he is invariably from the ruling party.
24. Committee on Public Undertakings – Present number of members is 22 (15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha). The term of office of the members is one year. A minister cannot be elected as a member of the committee. The chairman of the committee is appointed by the Speaker from amongst its members who are drawn from the Lok Sabha only.

Civics /Polity (The Panchayati Raj: Three-Tier System of Governance in Rural India)

The Panchayati Raj: Three-Tier System of Governance in Rural India

• The basic concept of Panchayati Raj is the villagers should think, decide and act in their own socio economic interest. Thus the Panchayati raj Act is related to village self governance. 
• In 1956, the National Development Council appointed a committee under Balwant Rai Mehta, which submitted its report in 1957.
• On the recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta committee Panchayati Raj was introduced in 1959 as a three tier structure of self government.
• Panchayati Raj consists of: 

1. Village-level Panchayats
2. Block-level Panchayats 
3. District-level Panchayats.

►Village Panchayat:

• In the structure of the Panchayati Raj, the Village Panchayat is the lowest unit. There is a Panchayat for each village or a group of villages in case the population of these villages happens to be too small. 
• Gram Sabha, a general body of villagers, consists of all the adults residing within the jurisdiction of the Panchayat. 
• The Panchayat is accountable for all its actions to the Gram Sabha, 
• The Panchayat chiefly consists of representatives elected by the people of the village.
• Chairman is elected from among its members, known as ‘Sarpanch’.
• Sarpanch is an ex-officio member of the Panchayat Samiti and participates in its decision-making as well as in the election of the Pradhan and of the members of various Standing Committees.

►Block & Panchayat Samiti:

• Panchayat Samiti is a local government body at the tahsil (taluka) level.
• It works for the villages of the tahsil that together are called a Development Block.
• The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat (village council) and the zila parishad (district board).
• There are a number of variations in the name of this institution in the various states. For example, it is known as Mandal Praja Parishad in Andhra Pradesh, Taluka Panchayat in Gujarat, and Mandal Panchayat in Karnataka.
• The block, consisting of 20-60 villages, administered through a Panchayat Samiti, consisting of indirectly elected members of village panchayat.
• The chairman of Panchayat Samiti is called ‘Pradhan’.

►Zila Parishad:

• Panchayat is the third and top of 3 tier of the Panchayati Raj system.
• Zila Parishad is an elected body.
• Chairpersons or Block Pramukh of Block Samitis are also represented in Zila Parishad.
• The members of the State Legislature and the members of the Parliament of India are members of the Zila Parishad.

The panchayats receive funds from three sources:

1. Local body grants, as recommended by the Central Finance Commission.
2. Funds for implementation of centrally-sponsored schemes.
3. Funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions.

Civics /Polity (GATEWAY TO SSC MAINS: INDIAN POLITY IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER)

GATEWAY TO SSC MAINS: INDIAN POLITY IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

Polity Notes: Fundamental Duties

A list of ten fundamental duties was included in the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 in the form of Article 51 A. For this a new part was created in the Constitution in the form of Part IV-A. It is based on the Japanese model. The idea of including a separate chapter on duties was recommended by the Swam Singh Committee in view of the fact that duties and rights are inseparable. Moreover, subsequently one more duty has been added by Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 in the form of 51 A (k). 

It reads: "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India ―who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years."

The 11 duties It shall be the duty of every citizen of India -

1. To abide by and respect the Constitution, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.

2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals of the freedom struggle.

3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

4. To defend the countery  and render national service when required.

5. To promote common brotherhood and establish dignity of women.

6. To  preserve the rich heritage of the nation 's composite culture.

7. To protect and improve natural environment.

8. To develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry.

9. To safeguard public property and abjure violence.

10. To strive for excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.

11. who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

MEMBERS OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE

1. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar (Chairman)

2. N. Gopalaswamy Ayyanagar

3. Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar

4. K.M. Munshi 5. Mohd. Saadullah,

6. B.L. Mitter (later replaced by N. Madhava Rao)

7. Dr. D.P.Khaitan (replaced on death by T.T. Krishnamachari)

• The Constitution of India was adopted on – 26th November 1949

• The Constituent Assembly of India started functioning from : 9thDecember , 1946

• The Constituent Assembly took time to frame the Constitution of India – 2 years 11 months 18 days

• The Concept of written constitution, first born was – USA

• The Constitution of India is – Partly rigid, partly flexible

• The word ―Secularism‖ was inserted in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by – 42nd Amendment

• The Preamble to the constitution declares India as – A sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic

• The item ―Education‖ belongs to the – Concurrent List

• How many languages have recongnised by the Constitution? – 22

• The number of Union Territories in India is – 7

• Part of the Indian Constitution deals with ―Fundamental Rights- Part III

• Constitutional Amendment deleted the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights – 44th Amendment

• Articles of Indian Constitution guarantees freedom to press -Article 19

• Sikkim was made an integral part of India under the – 36thAmendment

• The power to curve out a new State is vested in – The Parliament

• The Constitutional States has been given to Panchayats under -Article 243

• In year Fundamental Duties of citizens were introduced by 42nd Amendment –1976

• The vacancy of the office of the President of India must be filled up within – 6 months

• The power of the President to issue ordinance is a relic of : – Government of India Act of 1935

• Rashtrapati Bhawan was designed by - Edwin Lutyens

• A Presidential Ordinance can remain in force – For six months

• In Article of the Constitution of India can be the President of  India be impeached – Article 61

• In India, the President is elected by – Single Transferable Vote

Important Question Answer

1. What is a Censure Motion?

 

Censure motion is moved against the Council of Ministers, a group of ministers or as individual Minister for the failure to perform duties. Censure motion must be specific and self- explanatory, stating the reasons for its adoption.

 

2. Distinguish between a starred question and an unstarred one asked in the Parliament.

Starred questions are distinguished by an asterisk. These questions are to be answered orally. Supplementary questions may be asked.

Un-starred questions are answered in writing. Supplementary questions are not allowed.

 

3. What is contempt of Parliament?

 

Contempt of Parliament is the crime of obstructing the Parliament in the carrying out of its functions, or of hindering any Member of Parliament in the performance of his or her duties.

 

4. What is casting vote?

In Lok Sabha or in Legislative Assembly, when on MLA gets votes equally in support on against then the speaker of the House gives his opinion and this is called casting vote.

 

5. What is the importance of Right to Constitutional Remedies?

 

By the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32 & 228) an individual can go to Supreme Court or High Courts for the safeguard of his fundamental rights.

 

6. What is Habeas Corpus?

Habeas Corpus:

 

It is a writ, by which the court can cause any person who has been detained/imprisoned to be physically brought before the court. The court then examines the reasons of his detention.

 

7. What is a privilege motion?

Privilege motion is a motion moved by a member if he feels that a minister has committed a breach of privilege of the house or of any one or more of its members by withholding facts of a case or by giving a distorted version of acts.

 

8. State the difference between Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.

 

Council of Ministers include cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy minister. The council of ministers is collectively responsible to the lower house of the Parliament. It is the cabinet which makes all the government policies.

 

9. Under which Article of the constitution can the union government play its role in setting inter-state water dispute?

 

Art. 262 deals with inter-state dispute. It says - parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute of complain with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-state river or river valley.

 

10. What is Call Attention Motion?

 

A member may, with prior permission of the speaker, call the attention of a minister to any matter of urgent public importance and the minister may make a brief statement regarding the matter or ask for time to make a statement.

 

11.HOW THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA WAS CONSTITUTED?
The Constituent Assembly of India was elected through indirect election by the members of the Provincial Legislative Assembly (Lower House only), according to the scheme recommended by the Cabinet Delegation.

Civics /Polity (Indian Polity Notes)

Indian Polity Notes - For SSC CGL & Railways Exam

Features of Indian Constitution borrowed from other countries
Various features of Indian constitution which are borrowed from different countries are:-

From U.K.

1. Nominal Head – President (like Queen)

2. Cabinet System of Ministers

3. Post of PM

4. Parliamentary Type of Government

5. Bicameral Parliament

6. Lower House more powerful

7. Council of Ministers responsible to Lower House

8. Speaker in Lok Sabha

From U.S.

1. Written Constitution

2. Executive head of state known as President and his being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces

3. Vice- President as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha

4. Fundamental Rights

5. Supreme Court

6. Provision of States

7. Independence of Judiciary and judicial review

8. Preamble

9. Removal of Supreme court and High court Judges

From USSR

1. Fundamental Duties

2. Five year Plan

From AUSTRALIA

1. Concurrent list

2. Language of the preamble

3. Provision regarding trade, commerce and intercourse

From JAPAN

1. Law on which the Supreme Court function

From WEIMAR CONSTITUTION OF GERMANY

1. Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency

From CANADA

1. Scheme of federation with a strong centre

2. Distribution of powers between centre and the states and placing. Residuary Powers with the centre

From IRELAND

1. Concept of Directive Principles of States Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN)

2. Method of election of President

3. Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President

Civics /Polity (Parliamentary Committees)

Parliamentary Committees

Parliamentary Committees

- The work done by the Parliament in modern times is considerable in volume and varied in nature. The time at its disposal is limited (3 sessions only) Hence, It cannot give close consideration to the details of all the legislative and other matters that come up before it. Hence Parliamentary Committees are necessary for detailed study on specific matters & serve following purpose:

Types of Parliamentary Committees

Based on purpose and duration

* Adhoc Committee → appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submit a report

 - Committees on Bills (Select and Joint).

 - Railway Convention Committee.

 - Committees on the Draft Five Year Plans.

 - Hindi Equivalents Committee.

* Standing Committee (Advisory and Inquiry in Nature) → Standing Committees are permanent committees. Each House of Parliament has Standing Committees

 - Business Advisory Committee.

 - Committee on Petitions.

 - Committee of Privileges.

 - Rules Committee.

Based on composition

* Select – Single House, ie either LS or RS.

* Joint – Both Houses.

Committee on Estimates (Lok Sabha)

* Consists of 30 memberswho are elected by the Lok Sabha every year from among its members

* Ministers are not allowed to be part of this committee.

* The main function is to report what improvements in organisation, efficiency, or administrative reform, consistent with the policy underlying the estimates may be affected.

Committee on Public Undertakings (PUC)

* Consists of 15 members elected by the Lok Sabha and 7 members of Rajya Sabha

* A Minister is not eligible for election to this Committee.

* The term of the Committee is one year.

* The functions of the Committee on Public Undertakings are:

 - to examine the reports and accounts of Public Undertakings.

 - to examine the reports of the CAG on the Public Undertakings.

 - to examine in the context of the autonomy and efficiency of the Public Undertakings whether the affairs of the Public Undertakings are being managed in accordance with sound business principles and prudent commercial practices.

 - such other functions vested in the Committee on Public Accounts and the Committee on Estimates in relation to the Public Undertakings as are not covered by clauses (a), (b) and (c) above and as may be allotted to the Committee by the Speaker from time to time.

Committee on Public Accounts (PAC)

* Consists of 15 members elected by the Lok Sabha and 7 members of the Rajya Sabha

* A Minister is not eligible for election to this Committee.

* The term of the Committee is one year

* The main duty of the Committee is to ascertain whether the money granted by Parliament has been spent by Government “within the scope of the Demand”.

* The Appropriation Accounts of the Government of India and the Audit Reports presented by the Comptroller and Auditor General mainly form the basis for the examination of the Committee.

Business Advisory Committee (Lok Sabha)

The Business Advisory Committee of Lok Sabha consists of 15 members including the Speaker who is the ex-officio Chairman.

* The members are nominated by the Speaker. Almost all sections of the House are represented on the Committee as per the respective strength of parties in the House.

* The function of the Committee is to recommend the time that should be allotted for the discussion of such Government legislative and other business as the Speaker, in consultation with the Leader of the House, may direct to be referred to the Committee.

- The Committee, on its own initiative, may recommend to the Government to bring forward particular subjects for discussion in the House and recommend allocation of time for such discussions.

Committee of Privileges (Lok Sabha)

* This Committee consists of 15 members nominated by the Speaker.

* The function is to examine every question involving breach of privilege of the House or of the members of any Committee thereof referred to it by the House or by the Speaker.

* It determines with reference to the facts of each case whether a breach of privilege is involved and makes suitable recommendations in its report.

Committee on Petitions (Lok Sabha)

* The Committee consists of 15 members nominated by the Speaker.

* A Minister is not nominated to this Committee.

* The function of the Committee is to consider and report on petitions presented to the House.

* Besides, it also considers representations from individuals and associations, etc. on subjects which are not covered by the rules relating to petitions and gives directions for their disposal.

Committee on Subordinate Legislation (Lok Sabha)

* The Committee consists of 15 members nominated by the Speaker.

* A Minister is not nominated to this Committee.

* The Committee scrutinizes and reports to the House whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws etc. conferred by the Constitution or delegated by Parliament are being properly exercised by the executive within the scope of such delegation.

Rules Committee (Lok Sabha)

* The Rules Committee consists of 15 members including the Speaker who is the ex-officio Chairman of the Committee.

* The members are nominated by the Speaker.

* The Committee considers matters of procedure and conduct of business in the House and recommends any amendments or additions to the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha that are considered necessary.

Civics /Polity (Anti Defection Law, 1985 (10th Schedule))

Anti Defection Law, 1985 (10th Schedule)

* Rajiv Gandhi gov. imposed a ban on defection through 52nd amendment act.

* The act aims to prohibit undemocratic, unethical & unprincipled political defection by members of legislature, by innovation of an instrument of disqualification

* A member of parliament or state legislature belonging to any political party, shall be disqualified for being a member of that house if:

 - He voluntarily give up the membership of such political party

 - An independent member joins a political party after being elected

 - A nominated member joins a political party after 6 months

 - A member does not act according to the whips issued by his political party

Exceptions

* If 1/3rd members of a political party resign from their parent party & form a splinter group

* If 2/3rd of members of a political party resign from their parent party & merge with another political party

Exemption

* Speaker & Deputy Speaker of LS, Deputy Chairman of RS

* Speaker & Deputy Speaker of LC, Chairman & Deputy Chairman of LA

- On subjects of disqualification, decision of chairman / Speaker of the house shall be final. No court shall have jurisdiction under this act wrt members of the house

1991 → SC verdict on Anti Defection Law

* Decision of presiding officer of the house on question of disqualification shall be final

* Decision of presiding officer of the legislature are open to judicial review

* In 1992, court further held that the whip issued by political party is binding on its members, only in case of “Confidence motion, No confidence motion, Money bills & Vote of thanks to President or Governor’s address”.

91st constitutional Amendment act, 2003

* Act debars a defector from holding any public office for the duration of remaining term of the existing legislature or until fresh elections

* Size of COMs is to be 15 % max. of lower house at the centre as well as at states. (However, smaller states such as Mizoram, Sikkim etc. would have the liberty of having a minimum of 12 ministers)

* Seeks to debar a defector from holding any remunerative political post for the remaining tenure of the legislature or unless re-elected

* Omitted exemption of splinter group law from exemption to Anti defection law

Civics /Polity (Emergency Provisions in India)

Emergency Provisions in India

Article 352 → Proclamation of Emergency

National Emergency

External → War or external aggression :- Internal→ By armed rebellions

* President can issue a proclamation of emergency only when decision of cabinet is conveyed to him in writing

* Proclamation is subjected to judicial review & its constitutionality can be questioned in court of law on grounds of malafidism

* Has been issued only 3 times till now → (1962 & 1971 → External; 1975 → Internal)

* Every proclamation made under article 352 ( except a proclamation revoking previous proclamation ) should be laid before each house of the parliament & must be approved by them within one month after proclamation is made, by majority of total membership of the house & by a majority of not less than 2/3rd of members of the house present & voting

* If parliament fails to approve such proclamation, then it ceases to be in operation on expiry of 1 month after proclamation is made

* If parliament approves such proclamation, then it will be in force for 6 months from the date on which it was approved by parliament, unless revoke earlier

* It can be approved by parliament any no. of times but not beyond 6 months at a time

* If LS stands dissolved before giving approval to proclamation, then RS needs to approve it within 1 month & thereafter should be ratified by LS within 1 month after reconstitution

* If LS disapproves a proclamation to its continuance, President shall revoke the emergency

* If not less than 1/10th of the members of LS issue a notice with intension of disapproving an emergency to the President, when LS is not in session or to Speaker, if it is in session, then a special sitting of LS shall be held within 14 days for the purpose of considering such a resolution

* FRs under article 19 will be suspended automatically only in case of external emergency

* Parliament is empowered to extend by law, life of LS beyond 5 years for a period of not extending 1 year at a time, but in any case not exceeding 6 months after the proclamation of emergency has ceased to be in operation (Same case with state legislative assemblies)

Article 356 → Failure of constitutional machinery in state (Presidential rule)

* Must be passed by each house of the parliament by simple majority or cease to operate at expiry of 2 months (Subjected to judicial Review)

* Approved for 6 months from the date of approval & can be further extended for a period of 6 months.

* However, it can be extended beyond 1 year period but in any case not beyond 3 years from the date of issue of proclamation, if :

 - A proclamation of national emergency is in operation in that state or in whole India

 - EC certifies that it is necessary on account of difficulties to hold general elections to state legislature

Article 360 → Financial Emergency

* A proclamation of financial emergency will remain in force for 2 months, unless before expiry of that period, it is approved by both the houses of parliament by simple majority

* Once approved, it will be in force till it is revoked by the President (None Issued so far)

Civics /Polity (Official Language India)

Official Language India

– 8th Schedule

* Official language of Union should be Hindi or Devnagri script

* However, for a period of 5 years from the commencement of constitution, English language would continue to be used for all the official purposes of union, for which it was being used before the commencement of constitution

* President should, at the expiration of 5 years & thereafter at the expiration of 10 years from such commencement, by order constitute a commission to make recommendations regarding progressive use of Hindi language, restrictions on use of English language & other related issues

* Parliament may by law provide for continued use of English language for specified purposes, even after 15 years from the commencement of constitution

* A committee of 30 members (20 LS & 10 LS) should be constituted to examine recommendations of commission & to report its views to President

Regional Languages

* Legislature of state may adopt any one or more of languages in use in state or Hindi as official language of the state. Until that is done, English is to continue as official language of the state

* For the time being, English would remain the official language for communication b/w state & union or b/w various states. But 2 or more states are free to agree to use Hindi for communication b/w themselves

Language of Judiciary

* All the proceedings in SC & in every HC as well authoritive text of all bills, acts, ordinances etc. should be in English unless parliament provides otherwise

* Governor of the state, with previous consent of the President can authorize the use of Hindi or any other official language of the state in the proceeding of the HC of state, but not wrt the judgment, Decrees & order passed by it

Civics /Polity (Administrative Tribunals)

Administrative Tribunals

- Tribunals are meant to relieve the courts of overload & expedite the process of justice in interest of affected officials

Administrative Tribunals (Article 323A)

* It authorises parliament to setup administrative tribunals for the purpose of setting disputes & complains involving civil services

* It also authorize parliament to establish an administrative tribunal for the union & a separate administrative tribunal for state or for two or more states

Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) → For Union services including AIS

The CAT exercises jurisdiction over all service matters concerning the following:

* a member of any All-India Service

* a person appointed to any civil service of the Union or any civil post under the union

* a civilian appointed to any defence services or a post connected with defence

- However, the members of the defence forces, officers, staff of the Supreme Court and the secretarial staff of the Parliament are not covered under the jurisdiction of CAT.

State Administrative Tribunal (SAT)  → For states services including state PSC

Following categories of employees are exempted from purview of Administrative tribunal:

* Employees of SC & HC

* Armed force professionals

* Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha members

Points of Prominence

* SC may grant a writ of certiorari if a tribunal’s decision infringes an FR

* Chairman & members of CAT & SAT are appointed by President after consultation with CJ

* Chairman & Vice Chairman retire at the age of 65 + Other members retire at the age of 62

* Chairman → Must be a HC judge (Serving/Retired) or VC of tribunal for atleast 2 years

* Members of administrative tribunals can be Judges of HC & or from civil services

Tribunal for other Services (323B)

- For jurisdiction of disputes relating to following matters

* Taxation

* Foreign exchange (export & import)

* Land reforms

* Industrial & labour disputes

* Ceiling on urban property

* Election to parliament or state legislature

* Rent & Tenancy Issues

* Production, procurement & distribution of food stuff

Civics /Polity (Civil Services in India)

Civil Services in India

* Central services by central government → UPSC

* State services by state Government → State PSC

* Common services to Union & States → All India Services

All India Services

* Serve centre as well as states; recruited by ministry of personnel in consultation with UPSC

* Are under direct control of ministry for ex. IAS, IPS, IFS

* If Rajya sabha passes a resolution supported by not less than 2/3rd of members present & voting, then Parliament may by law provide for creation of one or more all India services (Including All India Judicial services → 42nd amendment)

All 3 Services

* Member of AISs or Central services hold office during the pleasure of President & in case of state services, of governor

* President / Governor may provide for compensation if →

 - Post is abolished before expiration of contractual period

 - He is required to vacate the post for reasons not connected with misconduct on his part

Safeguard of Civil Servants

* No person holding a civil post under Union or states shall be dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate to appointing authority

* No such person is reduced, dismissed or removed in rank except after an enquiry in which he has been informed of the charges against him & given a reasonable opportunity of being heard wrt those charges

Union Public service commission

* Chairman (appointed by President)

* Members (Decided by President → Not Fixed)

* 1/2 of the members of commission should be such persons, who have held the office for atleast 10 years, either under GOI or state government

Duration → 6 years / 65 years

Removal → By President on following terms

* Guilty of misbehaviour or holds office of profit

* Adjudged insolvent

* Engages in paid employment outside duties of his office

State or Joint Public service commission

State PSC →  Chairman + Members → appointed by Governor

Joint PSC → Chairman + Members  → appointed by President

Joint PSC → 2 or more states agree to have joint PSC, Provided a resolution to the effect, passed by legislature of these states in parliament

Duration → 6 years or 62 years of age

Points of Prominence

* UPSC, if requested by governor, may with approval of President agree to act for a state

* Half of the members of every PSC are the officials, who have held the government office (union or state) for atleast 10 yrs

* All PSCs are only advisory in nature

* Chairman & members of Joint & state PSC can be removed from the office by only the orders of the President

* Governor only has power to pass an interim order of suspension, pending the final order of President on report of SC

Civics /Polity (Center State Relations)

Center State Relations

Union List :- 100 items (Exclusive authority of Union)

Concurrent list :- 52 items (Authority of both center & state)

State List :- 61 Items ( 5 items transferred to concurrent list by 42 amendment; viz. Education, forests, Justice, Weight & measures and Protection of wildlife, animals & birds)

- Under certain conditions, constitution authorizes union government to extend its jurisdiction over matters included in state list viz.

- When a proclamation of emergency is in force, parliament can legislate on matters included in all 3 lists

Article 356 :-    On breakdown of constitutional machinery in state, parliament can take over legislative authority of the state

Article 249 :-    Empowers Rajya Sabha to transfer any matter in state list to legislative jurisdiction of parliament by a resolution passed by 2/3rd of the majority

Article 252 :-    If legislature of 2 or more states passes a resolution that a desirable law shall be passed by parliament on any matter enumerated in state list, then parliament can make laws regulating that matter. Any other state can also adopt such law by passing a resolution but these laws can be amended / repealed by parliament only

Article 253 :-    Empowers parliament to make laws for whole or any part of Indian territory for implementing international agreements & conventions, even if the subjects covered by such treaties & agreements falls within state list

- Residuary powers have been paced under legislative jurisdiction of the parliament

Central control over state legislation

- Apart from above, constitution also provides for centre’s consent, before a bill passed by state legislature becomes a law:

- A state law providing for compulsory acquisition of private property shall have no effect without Presidential assent

Article 31A :-    Grants immunity to laws providing for agrarian reforms from article 14 & 19 but immunity of article 31 A shall not be available to state laws unless it receives Presidential assent

Article 200 :-    Directs governor of state to reserve a bill passed by state legislature for the consideration of President, if in his opinion, law if passed, would derogate the powers of HC

Article 288 (2) :-    Authorize a state to levy tax wrt water & electricity, being distributed, used or sold by any authority, established by law made by parliament. But no such law shall be valid unless it has been resent for consideration of the President & have received his assent

Article 304 (b) :-    Authorize a state legislature to impose reasonable restrictions on freedom of trade, commerce & intercourse within the state in public interest, but such law can not be introduced in state legislature without prior sanction of President

Administrative Relations between Center & States

* Union-state administrative relations in India are organized so as to enable the union government to exercise considerable direction & control over administrative machinery of the state

* Union government has been armed with the powers of giving directions to state & has been given certain other powers to promote interstate coordination + settle interstate river water disputes

* For above purpose, President may appoint interstate councils (Advisory in nature) to effect coordination b/w the states

Financial Relations between Center & States

- Financially strong centre, so much that states are almost completely dependent upon the union for financial assistance. While proceeds of all the taxes within the state list are entirely retained by the state, proceeds of some of the taxes in union list are allotted wholly or partially to the states.

* Stamp duties + Duties of excise on medicinal & toilet preparations are mentioned in union list & are levied by central government but collected by state government

* Taxes levied & collected by union but assigned to states:

 - Duties wrt succession of property other than of agricultural land

 - Estate duty wrt succession of property other than of agricultural land

 - Terminal taxes on goods or passengers carried by railways, sea or air

 - Taxes on railway’s freight & fare

* Taxes levied & collected by the union but distributed b/w union & states → Income tax (Not including corporate tax)

Grant in aids & Loans

* Prime objective is promoting welfare of STs & raise administration of scheduled areas

* Parliament make grants to give financial assistance to states to help overcome budgetary deficits

* Specific budget grants to states, as in case of jute producing states like WB, Assam, Bihar & Orissa, in lieu of share of Jute export duty, levied by government

* Union can make grants for any public purpose for various national development schemes

* Union provides many other grants to states from time to time which mean states depend greatly on Union to get loans. A state government can only borrow within India & can not raise a new loan without the consent of Union government, if there is an outstanding on previous loans

* Constitution provides for appointment of finance commission by President every 5 years to advise him regarding distribution of resources b/w union & states & other revenue matters

* Niti Ayog also plays a vital role in financial relations b/w centre & states. It decides outlays of the plans for the country which in turn decides amount of money to be given to various states

Cooperative Federalism

* In exigencies of war, national interest takes precedence over fine points of centre – state divisions of powers

* Substitution of primary police state by welfare state, where varied social services or technological advancement requires huge outlays & state government could not meet them on their own resources

Supreme Court Doctrines in context of legislative relations b/w Centre & States

Doctrine of Pith & Substance

* Within their respected areas of authority, Union & state legislatures are supreme & are not supposed to encroach upon others sphere

* If a new law passed by one encroaches upon the subject, held & assigned by the other, court will apply Doctrine of Pith & Substance

* If it is found that law in substance is within the subjects assigned to that legislature & intention of law is genuine, the law shall be valid, even though there is some overlapping.

* Hence, there can not be watertight division of powers b/w centre & the state, because if it is, it would made several laws invalid on simple grounds of overlapping

Doctrine of Colorable legislation

* In federal government, transgression of its limit of powers by a legislature may be overt or covert. When the legislation is indirect & covert, it is known as colorable legislation

* In this, although the subject on which legislature make laws falls within its legislative competence in exterior appearance but its real motive is to transgress the powers of other legislature covertly

* In this, case applying the Doctrine of colorable legislation, court can invalidate the entire law which means, what legislature can not do directly, it can not do the same indirectly also

Interstate councils

* President is empowered to constitute an interstate council, if at any time it appears to him that public interest would be served thereby

* Establishment → May 1990, on recommendations of Sarkaria commission

* Meet 3 time a year with proceedings under camera

Members

* PM (Ex-officio chairperson)

* 6 union ministers (as appointed by PM)

* CM of all the states & UTs

* Administrators of UTs

Largely based on GOI act of 1935; ISC has 3 specific duties viz.

* To enquire into & advice upon disputes arose b/w states

* To investigate & discuss subjects on which states or union + states have common interest

* To make recommendations on these subjects for better coordination of policy & action

Civics /Polity (Local Government System in India)

Local Government System in India

73rd constitutional amendment act, 1992 – 11th Schedule

Compulsory Provisions

* Organisation of Gram sabha

* Creation of 3 tier panchayati raj at District, Block & Village level

* All the seats in panchayati raj shall be filled by people chosen by direct elections from territorial constituencies in panchayat areas

* Minimum age for contesting for elections to panchayats is 21 years, for fixed 5 years tenure

* Reservation of seats for SC/ ST in panchayats shall be in proportion of their population

* Reservation of women in Panchayats is upto 33 %

* Each state is to constitute a state election commission to conduct elections & state finance commission every 5 years to review financial positions of the panchayats

Voluntary Provisions

* Providing reservation for backward classes

* Giving voting rights to members of union & state legislatures in these bodies

* Giving panchayats financial autonomy & powers to levy taxes, fees etc.

Salient Features of the act

Gram Sabha

* Adult people (above 18 years) register in electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat.

* Meet twice a year (April 13 & Oct 3) & exercise functions as state legislature determines

* In other words, Gram sabha is village assembly of registered voters within panchayat area to discuss issues related to their areas

3 Tier System

* Act provides for a 3 tier system of panchayati raj in every state i.e. Panchayats at village, intermediate & district level

* However, a state having population less than 20 lakhs may not have intermediate level

* Members of Rajya sabha, Lok sabha & state assembly in district may be included in intermediate level panchayat, in which they are registered as an elector

Election of Members & Chairperson

* All the members of the panchayat at village, intermediate & district levels shall be elected directly by the people

* Chairperson of panchayat (at intermediate & district levels) shall be elected indirectly by & among the elected members thereof

* Chairperson of panchayat at village level shall be elected in such a manner as the state legislature determines

Reservation of seats

* Reservation of seats of SC & ST (at all 3 levels) shall be in proportion of, their population to total population in panchayat area

* Further, state legislature shall provide for reservation of offices of chairperson in panchayat at all levels for SCs & STs

* Reservation of not less than 1/3rd of total no. of seats for women, including number of seats reserved for women belonging to SCs & STs

* Further, not less than 1/3rd of total no. of offices of chairperson in the panchayats at each level shall be reserved for women

Duration of panchayats

* Every panchayat shall continue for 5 yrs from the date of its 1st meeting

* It can be dissolved earlier in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the state legislature

* In case, it is dissolved earlier, elections must take place within 6 month of its dissolution

Qualification

* Same as state legislature but must have attained a minimum age of 21

* Shall be qualified as a member of panchayat by any law made by state legislature

Powers & Functions

* It is for the state legislature to determine as to what powers are to be assigned to the panchayats to enable them to function as an institution of self-government

* Powers shall be assigned mainly for social justice & economic development with regards to 29 matters, included in 11th schedule

Financial matters 

State legislature may:

* Authorise a panchayat to levy, collect & appropriate taxes, duties tolls & fees

* Assign to panchayat to appropriate taxes, duties, tolls & fees levied & collected by state government

* Provide for making grants in aid to panchayats from consolidated fund of India

* Provide for constitution of funds for crediting money to panchayats

State Finance commission

- Within 1 year of coming into force of this act & henceforth every 5 years, state gov. (Governor) shall appoint a state finance commission, to review the financial positions of the panchayats & to suggest different means to enhance the same

State Election commission

- State election commissioner shall be appointed by governor to suprident, direct & control elections of panchayats including preparation of electoral rolls. He can be removed on the same grounds as a judge of HC & his tenure shall be determined by the Governor

Bar on interference by the courts

* The act bars the interference by courts in electoral matters of the panchayats

* It declares that validity of any law relating to delimitation of constituencies or allotment of seats to such constituencies can not be questioned in any court

* Further, no election to any panchayat is to be questioned except by an election petition, presented to such authority & in a manner provided by state legislature

Exempted states & Areas

* Act does not apply to J & K, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Hill areas of Manipur, Darjeeling & certain other areas

* However, parliament may extend its provisions to these areas under PESA, 1996 (Provision to panchayat extension to scheduled areas)

74th amendment act, 1992 → 12th schedule

Municipal councils (Nagar Palika) :- For smaller urban areas

Nagar Panchayats :-    For semi urban areas

Municipal corporations :- For larger urban areas

* All the members of municipality shall be elected directly by people of municipal area.

* For this purpose, each municipal area shall be divided into territorial constituencies known as wards

* State legislature may provide a manner of election of chairperson of municipality

Ward committees → consisting of 1 or more wards within the territorial area of municipality having population of 3 lakh or more

Reservation of seats

* For SC, ST in every municipality, in proportion of their population, to total population in municipal area

* Further reservation of not less than 1/3rd of total number of seats for women, including number of seats reserved for women belonging to SCs & STs

* State legislature may provide for manner of reservation of offices of chairpersons in municipalities for SCs, STs & women

Duration → 5 years

* Elections to constitute a municipality shall be completed well before the expiry of duration of 5 years (same as panchayats) & in case of dissolution, within 6 months from date of dissolution

* A municipality constituted upon the dissolution of municipality before the expiration of its duration, it shall continue only for the remainder period, for which the dissolved municipality would have constituted, had it not been dissolved

* 74th amendment also envisage setting up of committees for district planning, to consolidate the plans prepared by panchayats & municipalities in district & to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole

Civics /Polity (Scheduled & Tribal Areas (Article 244))

Scheduled & Tribal Areas (Article 244)

Article 244 (1) → Provisions of 5th schedule shall apply to administration & control of schedule areas in every state other than Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam & Mizoram

Article 244 (2) → Provisions of 6th schedule shall apply to administration & control of tribal areas of Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam, & Mizoram

5th Schedule → Administration of Scheduled Areas

 - Governor of each state having scheduled areas have to submit a report to the President annually or whenever so required by the President

 - Executive powers of union extends to giving directions to the state regarding administration of these areas

 - A tribal advisory council consisting of not more than 20 members should be established in each state having scheduled areas therein, for their advancement & welfare

* Governor is empowered to direct that any particular act of parliament or state government does not apply to scheduled areas or if applied, then with specific modifications & exceptions

* Constitution provides for appointment of a commission to report on administration of scheduled areas & welfare of scheduled tribes in the state. President can appoint such commission at anytime but compulsorily after 10 years from commencement of constitution

Scheduled & Tribal Areas (Article 244)

Article 244 (1) → Provisions of 5th schedule shall apply to administration & control of schedule areas in every state other than Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam & Mizoram

Article 244 (2) → Provisions of 6th schedule shall apply to administration & control of tribal areas of Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam, & Mizoram

5th Schedule → Administration of Scheduled Areas

* Governor of each state having scheduled areas have to submit a report to the President annually or whenever so required by the President

* Executive powers of union extends to giving directions to the state regarding administration of these areas

* A tribal advisory council consisting of not more than 20 members should be established in each state having scheduled areas therein, for their advancement & welfare

* Governor is empowered to direct that any particular act of parliament or state government does not apply to scheduled areas or if applied, then with specific modifications & exceptions

* Constitution provides for appointment of a commission to report on administration of scheduled areas & welfare of scheduled tribes in the state. President can appoint such commission at anytime but compulsorily after 10 years from commencement of constitution

6th Schedule → Administration of Tribal areas

* Tribal areas in state of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura & Mizoram have been constituted as autonomous districts (i.e. falls under the executive authority of state concerned)

* President at any time by order direct that whole or any specified part of schedule area ceases to be a scheduled area or may increase the scheduled area in state after the consultation with the governor of the state

* If there are different tribes in an autonomous districts, governor can divide the district into several autonomous regions

* Each autonomous district has a district council of 30 members + each autonomous region also has a separate regional council

* District & Regional councils are empowered to assess & collect land revenue & impose certain specified taxes

* Governor can appoint a commission to examine & report of any matter relating to administration of autonomous district of regions.

* He may also dissolve a district or regional council on the recommendation of appointed commission.

Famous Tribes of India

Jarawa, Onge, Sentinelese :- Andman

Shorn Pens, Holchu :- Nicobar

Palaeo Mongoloids :- Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur.

Tibeto -Mongoloids :- Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh

Mundas, Santhals, Oraons :-    Chhotanagpur Plateau

Gonds, Kondhs :- Central Vindhyachal + Deccan Plateau

Gaddi, Kinner, Phangwal, Lahuli :- Himachal Pradesh

Jaunsari, Bhotia, Raji, Buxa, Tharu :- Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand

Anal, Chiru and Konkanas + Kollam :- Maharashtra

Mala and Savara tribes :- West Bengal

Bhuiya tribe :-    Madhya Pradesh

Banjaras, Moghias and Sathiyas :- Rajasthan

Bhil + Maldhari (Gir lions) :- Gujrat

Oraon,  Munda, Chero, Parchaiya, Santhal, Asuras :-    Bihar

Bhuiya, Baiga, Dharua, Gaaro, Ho, Koli, Lodha :- Orissa

Bakarwal :-    J & K

Oorali, Sholagar, Irular and Badaga :- TN

Hakki-Pikki, Korgas,  Kurubas, Soliga :- Karnataka

Kadars, Irulars , Paniyans,  Korgas, ooralis :-    Kerala