JR INTER MATHS 1A FUNCTIONS 2 MARKS

JUNIOR INTERMEDIATE MATHS 1A FUNCTIONS GSQB 2 MARKS

CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION (CIC)

CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION (CIC)

• Central Information Commission is constituted by the Central Government through a Gazette Notification.
• Commission includes 1 Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and not more than 10 Information Commissioners (IC) who will be appointed by the President of India.
• Oath of Office will be administered by the President of India according to the form set out in the First Schedule.
• Commission will exercise its powers without being subjected to directions by any other authority.

Eligibility criteria and the process of appointment of CIC/IC

• Candidates for CIC/IC must be persons of eminence in public life with wide knowledge and experience in law, science and technology, social service, management, journalism, mass media or administration and governance.
• CIC/IC shall not be a Member of Parliament or Member of the Legislature of any State or Union Territory. He/She shall not hold any other office of profit or connected with any political party or carrying on any business or pursuing any profession.
• Appointment Committee includes Prime Minister (Chair), Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and one Union Cabinet Minister to be nominated by the Prime Minister.

Term of office and other service conditions of CIC

• CIC shall be appointed for a term of 5 years from date on which he enters upon his office or till he attains the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• CIC is not eligible for reappointment.

Powers and functions of Information Commissions

• The Information Commission has a duty to receive complaints from any person -

1. who has not been able to submit an information request because a PIO has not been appointed ;
2. who has been refused information that was requested;
3. who has received no response to his/her information request within the specified time limits ;
4. who thinks the fees charged are unreasonable ;
5. who thinks information given is incomplete or false or misleading ;and
6. any other matter relating to obtaining information under this law.

• Power to order inquiry if there are reasonable grounds.
• CIC/SCIC will have powers of Civil Court such as -

1. summoning and enforcing attendance of persons, compelling them to give oral or written evidence on oath and to produce documents or things;
2. requiring the discovery and inspection of documents;
3. receiving evidence on affidavit ;
4. requisitioning public records or copies from any court or office
5. issuing summons for examination of witnesses or documents
6. any other matter which may be prescribed.

• All records covered by this law (including those covered by exemptions) must be given to CIC/SCIC during inquiry for examination.
• Power to secure compliance of its decisions from the Public Authority includes-

1. providing access to information in a particular form;
2. directing the public authority to appoint a PIO/APIO where none exists;
3. publishing information or categories of information;
4. making necessary changes to the practices relating to management, maintenance and destruction of records ;
5. enhancing training provision for officials on RTI;
6. seeking an annual report from the public authority on compliance with this law;
7. require it to compensate for any loss or other detriment suffered by the applicant ;
8. impose penalties under this law; or
9. reject the application.

Application Procedure for requesting information

• Apply in writing or through electronic means in English or Hindi or in the official language of the area, to the PIO, specifying the particulars of the information sought for.
• Reason for seeking information are not required to be given;
• Pay fees as may be prescribed (if not belonging to the below poverty line category).

Time limit to get the information

• 30 days from the date of application.
• 48 hours for information concerning the life or liberty of a person.
• 5 days shall be added to the above response time, in case the application for information is given to Assistant Public Information Officer.
• If the interests of a third party are involved then time limit will be 40 days (maximum period + time given to the party to make representation).
• Failure to provide information within the specified period is a deemed refusal.

• Formed: 2005
• Head quarters: New Delhi, India.
• Chief Information Commissioner:Shri Radha Krishna Mathur

THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING (NCERT)

THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING (NCERT) 
General Knowledge The National Council of Educational Research and Training -NCERT is an organization set up by the Government of India, to assist and advise the central and state governments on academic matters related to school education. The Government of India's Ministry of Education resolved on 27 July 1961 to establish the National Council of Educational Research and Training, which formally began its operation on 1 September 1961. The Council formed by merging seven existing institutions of the National Government including the Central Institute of Education (1947), the Central Bureau of Textbook Research (1954), the Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance (1954), the Directorate of Extension Programmes for Secondary Education (1958), the National Institute of Basic Education (1956), the National Fundamental Education Centre (1956), and the National Institute of Audio-Visual Education (1959). NCERT has comprehensive extension programme in which departments of the National Institute of Education (NIE), Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Central Institute of Vocational Education (CIVE) and offices of the Field Advisers in the states are engaged in activities. Several programmes are organised in rural and backward areas to reach out to functionaries in these areas. It acts as the Secretariat of the National Development Group (NDG) for Educational Innovations. The NCERT has been offering training facilities, usually through attachment programmes and participation in workshops, to education workers of other countries. The NCERT publishes textbooks for school subjects from Classes I to XII. NCERT publishes books & provides Sample Question Papers that are used in government and private schools across India that follow the CBSE curriculum. The major objectives of NCERT and its constituent units are to: undertake, promote and coordinate research in areas related to school education; prepare and publish model textbooks, supplementary material, newsletters, journals and develops educational kits, multimedia digital materials, etc. It organizes pre-service and in-service training of teachers; develop and disseminate innovative educational techniques and practices; collaborate and network with state educational departments, universities, NGOs and other educational institutions; It acts as a clearing house for ideas and information in matters related to school education; and act as a nodal agency for achieving the goals of Universalisation of Elementary Education. In addition to research, development, training, extension, publication and dissemination activities, NCERT is an implementation agency for bilateral cultural exchange programmes with other countries in the field of school education. The NCERT also interacts and works in collaboration with the international organizations, visiting foreign delegations and offers various training facilities to educational personnel from developing countries. Established: 1961. Headquarters: Sri Aurbindo Marg, New Delhi. Director: Dr. Hrushikesh Senapathy

THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (ICAR)

THE INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (ICAR)

• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
• Formerly known as Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, it was established as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 in pursuance of the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture.
• The Council is the apex body for co-ordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country.
• With 101 ICAR institutes and 71 agricultural universities spread across the country this is one of the largest national agricultural systems in the world.
• The ICAR has played a pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and subsequent developments in agriculture in India through its research and technology development.
• It has enabled the country to increase the production of foodgrains by 5 times, horticultural crops by 9.5 times, fish by 12.5 times, milk 7.8 times and eggs 39 times since 1951 to 2014, thus making a visible impact on the national food and nutritional security.
• It has played a major role in promoting excellence in higher education in agriculture.
• It is engaged in cutting edge areas of science and technology development and its scientists are internationally acknowledged in their fields.
• Union Minister of Agriculture is the ex-officio President of the ICAR Society.
• Headquarters: New Delhi, India.
• Established: 16th July, 1929.
• President: Radha Mohan Singh.

THE INTERNATIONAL CRICKET COUNCIL (ICC)

THE INTERNATIONAL CRICKET COUNCIL (ICC)

• The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the international governing body of cricket.
• It was founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from England, Australia and South Africa, renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965, and took up its current name in 1989.
• The ICC is responsible for the organisation and governance of cricket's major international tournaments, most notably the Cricket World Cup.
• It also appoints the umpires and referees that officiate at all sanctioned Test matches, One Day International and Twenty20 Internationals.
• It promulgates the ICC Code of Conduct, which sets professional standards of discipline for international cricket and also co-ordinates action against corruption and match-fixing through its Anti-Corruption and Security Unit (ACSU).

As the international governing body for cricket, the International Cricket Council will lead by:

• Providing a world class environment for international cricket.
• Delivering 'major' events across three formats.
• Providing targeted support to Members.
• Promoting the global game.

Formation: 15th June, 1909
Headquarters: Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Membership: 106 members
Chairman: Shashank Manohar
President: Zaheer Abbas

EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND ORGANISATION (EPFO)

EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND ORGANISATION (EPFO)

• The Employees' Provident Fund Organisation is a statutory body of the Government of India under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
• It administers a compulsory contributory Provident Fund Scheme, Pension Scheme and an Insurance Scheme.
• The Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 came into effect on 4th March 1952.
• The organisation is administered by a Central Board of Trustees, composed of representatives of the Government of India, provincial governments, employers and employees.
• The board is chaired by the Union Labour Minister of India.
• The Chief Executive of the EPFO, the Central Provident Fund Commissioner, reports to the Union Labour Minister through the Permanent Secretary in the ministry.
• It is also the nodal agency for implementing Bilateral Social Security Agreements with other countries on a reciprocal basis.
• The schemes cover Indian workers as well as International workers (for countries with which bilateral agreements have been signed. As of now 15 Social Security Agreements are operational).
• It is one of the largest social security organisations in India in terms of the number of covered beneficiaries and the volume of financial transactions undertaken.
• The EPFO's apex decision making body is the Central Board of Trustees (CBT).
• The Constitution of India under "Directive Principles of State Policy" provides that the State shall within the limits of its economic capacity make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old-age, sickness & disablement and undeserved want.
• The EPF & MP Act, 1952 was enacted by the Parliament of India and came into force with effect from 4th March 1952 as part of a series of legislative interventions made in this direction.
• Presently, the following three schemes are in operation under the Act:

1. Employees' Provident Fund Scheme, 1952.
2. Employees' Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976.
3. Employees' Pension Scheme, 1995.

Founded: 4th March, 1952
Headquarters: New Delhi, India
Central Provident Fund Commissioner: Dr. V. P. Joy.

NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT)

NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL (NGT)

• The National Green Tribunal has been established on 18th October 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010.
• National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of India which enables creation of a special tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal of the cases pertaining to environmental issues.
• It was enacted under India's constitutional provision of Article 21, which assures the citizens of India the right to a healthy environment.
• NGT is for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
• It is a specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.
• The Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles of natural justice.
• The Tribunal's dedicated jurisdiction in environmental matters shall provide speedy environmental justice and help reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts.
• The Tribunal is mandated to make and endeavor for disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of filing of the same.
• New Delhi is the Principal Place of Sitting of the Tribunal and Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai shall be the other four place of sitting of the Tribunal.
• Established on: 18th October, 2010.
• Headquarters: New Delhi.
• Present Chairperson: Justice Swatanter Kumar.

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S EMERGENCY FUND (UNICEF)

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S EMERGENCY FUND (UNICEF)
The United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is a United Nations program.It provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries.

UNICEF was created with a distinct purpose: to work with others to overcome the obstacles that poverty, violence, disease and discrimination place in a child’s path.

It advocates for measures to give children the best start in life, because proper care at the youngest age forms the strongest foundation for a person’s future.

UNICEF upholds the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It works to assure equality for those who are discriminated against, girls and women in particular.

It strives for peace and security. It is one of the members of the United Nations Development Group and its Executive Committee. 
Formation - December, 1946.
Headquarters - New York City
Current Executive Director - Anthony Lake
Membership -190 Countries
Parent Organization - United Nations Economic and Social Council.

COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL NAMES

COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL NAMES

Compound Name	Chemical Name	Formula
Baking Powder	Sodium Bicarbonate	NaHCO3
Blue Vitriol	Copper Sulphate	CuSO4.5H2O
Bleaching Powder	Calcium Oxychloride	CaOCl2
Chloroform	Trichloro Methane	CHCl3
Chalk (Marble)	Calcium Carbonate	CaCO3
Caustic Potash	Potassium Hydroxide	KOH
Caustic Soda	Sodium Hydroxide	NaOH
Dry Ice	Solid Carbondioxide	CO2
Epsom	Magnesium Sulphate	MgSO4
Gypsum	Calcium Sulphate	CaSO4
Green Vitriol	Ferrous Sulphate	FeSO4
Heavy Water	Deuterium Oxide	D2O
Vinegar	Acetic Acid	CH3COOH
Washing Soda	Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3
Slaked Lime	Calcium Hydroxide	Ca(OH)2
Potash Alum	Potassium Aluminium Sulphate	KAlSO4
Quick Lime	Calcium Oxide	CaO
Plaster of Paris	Calcium Sulphate	CaSO42H2O
Mohr's Salt	Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate	FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
White Vitriol	Zinc Sulphate	ZnSO4.7H2O
Marsh Gas	Methane	CH4
Magnesia	Magnesium Oxide	MgO
Laughing Gas	Nitrous Oxide	N2O
Vermelium	Mercuric Sulphide	HgS
Sugar	Sucrose	C12H22O11
T.N.T.	Trinitrotoluene	C7H5N3O6
Sand	Silicon Oxide	SiO2

MINERALS AND THEIR DEFICIENCY DISEASES

MINERALS AND THEIR DEFICIENCY DISEASES

Minerals	Food Sources	Properties	Deficiency Diseases
Calcium	Milk, Dairy products, Nuts, Leafy vegetables	Build and maintain bones and teeth, Control heart beat and blood pressure	Weak teeth and bones, Deficiency in body growth
Iron	Meat, Liver, Egg yolk, Nuts, Cereals	It is required for transportation of Oxygen in the blood. Maintains Haemoglobin level in the blood	Anaemia, Less immunity
Iodine	Salt, Milk	Iodine is the main building block of Thyroid hormones, T3 and T4. It is essential for proper development of the body	Goitre
Phosphorus	Meat, Fish, Cereals	It is required in building strong bones and teeth. It also repairs cells. It is a component of Genetic material	Poor body growth, Weak bones and teeth
Sodium	Salt	Balance water levels, Blood pressure and Nervous system	Low blood pressure, Muscle cramp
Zinc	Meat, Liver, Fish, Dairy products	It is important for the function for the enzymes in the body. It builds immunity and regulates cholesterol levels	Retarded body growth
Potassium	Fish, Milk, Pulses, Nuts, Vegetables, Meat	It maintains the pH balance of the blood. It controls the water balance of the body	Low blood pressure, weak muscles
Magnesium	Vegetables, Nuts, Cereals	Magnesium builds immunity. It is important for nerve cell function and muscle contraction	Affects nervous system

ORES

ORES

Metal	Ores
Aluminium (Al)	Bauxite, Corundum, felspar, Cryolite, Kaolin
Antimony (Sb)	Stibnite
Barium (Ba)	Barite, Witherite
Cadmium (Cd)	Greenockite
Calcium (Ca)	Chalk, Quicklime, Calcite, Dolomite, Gypsum, Asbestus
Chromium (Cr)	Chromite
Copper (Cu)	Malachite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Cuprite
Gold (Au)	Quartz, Calaverite, Silvenites
Iron (Fe)	Hematite, Magnetite, Lemonite, Copper pyrites
Lead (Pb)	Galena
Magnesium (Mg)	Magnesite, Dolomite, Epsom salt, Carnalite
Manganese (Mn)	Pyrolusite
Mercury (Hg)	Cinnabar
Potassium (K)	Carnalite, Sylvite, Potash
Silver (Ag)	Argentite
Sodium (Na)	Rock Salt, Trona, Borax
Strontium (Sr)	Strontianite, Silestine
Tin (Sn)	Cassiterite
Zinc (Zn)	Zincite, Ferulinite, Calamine
Uranium (U)	Uraninite
Tungsten (W)	Wolframite, Scheelite
Nickel (Ni)	Pentlandite, Milarite
Beryllium (Be)	Beryl

ALLOYS

ALLOYS

Alloy	Components
Brass	Copper and Zinc
Bronze	Copper and Tin
Gun Metal	Copper, Zinc and Tin
German Silver	Copper, Zinc and Nickel
Duralumin	Aluminium, Copper, Magnesium and Manganese
Magnesium	Aluminium and Magnesium
Nickel Steel	Iron and Nickel
Stainless Steel	Iron, Chromium and Nickel
Electrum	Silver and Gold
Solder	Tin and Lead
Invar	Iron and Nickel

IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT HUMAN BODY

IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT HUMAN BODY

Largest and strongest Bone in the body	Femur (thigh bone)
Smallest Bone in the body	Stapes in ear
Number of Cells in the body	75 trillion
Volume of Blood in the body	6 litres (in 70 kg body)
Number of Red Blood Cells (R.B.C.)	1. In male: 5 to 6 million/cubic mm 2. In female: 4 to 5 million/cubic mm
Life span of Red Blood Cells (R.B.C.)	100 to 120 days
Life span of White Blood Cells (W.B.C.)	3-4 days
Normal White Blood Cells (W.B.C.) count	5000-10000/cubic mm
Other name of Red Blood Cell (R.B.C.)	Erythrocytes
Largest White Blood Cells	Monocytes
Smallest White Blood Cells	Lymphocyte
Who discovered Blood Group	Karl Landsteiner
Blood Platelets count	150,000 - 400,000 platelets per micro litre
Haemoglobin (Hb)	1. In male: 14-15 gm/100 c.c. of blood 2. In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c. of blood
Hb content in body	500-700 gm
pH of Urine	6.5-8
pH of Blood	7.36-7.41
Weight of Brain	1300-1400 gm in human adult
Normal Blood Pressure (B.P.)	120/80 mm Hg
Universal blood donor	O
Universal blood recipient	AB
Average body weight	70 kg
Normal body temperature	37 degree celsius
Breathing Rate at rest	12-16/minute
Number of Spinal Nerves	31 pairs
Largest Endocrine Gland	Thyroid gland
Largest Gland	Liver
Largest Muscle in the body	Gluteus Maximus or Buttock Muscle
Smallest Muscle in the body	Stapedius
Largest Artery	Aorta
Largest Vein	Inferior Vena Cava
Largest and longest Nerve	Sciatic Nerve
Longest Cell	Neurons (nerve cells)
Minimum distance for proper vision	25 cm
Thinnest Skin	Eyelids
Weight of Heart	200-300 gm

VITAMINS AND THEIR DEFICIENCY DISEASES

VITAMINS AND THEIR DEFICIENCY DISEASES

Vitamin	Chemical Name	Food Sources	Deficiency Diseases
A	Retinol	Milk, Eggs, Fish, Butter, Cheese and Liver	Night Blindness, Skin dryness
B1	Thiamine	Legumes, Grains, nuts	Beri- Beri
B2	Riboflavin	Egg, Milk, Cheese, Nuts, Bread products	Inflammation of tongue, Sores in the Mouth corners
B3	Niacin	Meat, Fish, Peanuts, Grains	Skin disease, Diarrhea, Depression, Dementia
B5	Pantothenic Acid	Eggs, Liver, Dairy products	Fatigue, Muscle cramp, Pellagra
B6	Pyridoxine	Organ meats, Cereals	Anaemia, Kidney stones, Nausea, Depression
B12	Cyanocobalamin	Meat, Fish	Pale skin, Constipation, Fatigue
C	Ascorbic acid	Oranges, Tomatoes, Citrus fruits	Scurvy, Anaemia
D	Calciferol	Direct Sunlight, Fish Oil, Eggs	Rickets, Osteomalacia
E	Tocopherol	Vegetable oils, Tomatoes, Almonds, Meat, Eggs	Neurological problems, Problems of Reproductive System
K	Phylloquinone or Naphthoquinone	Soyabeans, Leafy vegetables, Dairy products, Meat	Failure to clot blood

STATES INFORMATION

STATES INFORMATION

State	Capital	Governor	Chief Minister
Andhra Pradesh	Amaravati	E.S. Laxmi Narasimhan	Nara Chandrababu Naidu
Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	Brigadier Dr BD Mishra (Retired)	Kalikho Pul
Assom	Dispur	Jagdish Mukhi	Tarun Kumar Gogoi
Bihar	Patna	Satya Pal Malik	Nitish Kumar
Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Balramdas Tandon	Dr. Raman Singh
Goa	Panaji	Mridula Sinha	Laxmikanth Parsekar
Gujarat	Gandhinagar	Om Prakash Kohli	Anandi Ben Patel
Haryana	Chandigarh	Kaptan Singh Solanki	Manoharlal Khattar
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Acharya Dev Vrat	Veerabhadra Singh
Jammu – Kashmir	Srinagar (summer) Jammu (winter)	N.N. Vohra	Mehbooba Mufti
Jharkhand	Ranchi	Draupadi Murmu	Raghubar Das
Karnataka	Bangalore	Vazubai Rudabai Vala	Siddaramaiah
Kerala	Thiruvanthapuram	Palanisamy Sathasivam	Oommen Chandy
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Ram Naresh Yadav	Shivraj Singh Chouhan
Maharashtra	Mumbai	Vidyasagar Rao	Devendra Fadnavis
Manipur	Imphal	V. Shanmuganathan	Okram Ibobi Singh
Meghalaya	Shillong	Ganga Prasad	Dr. Mukul Sangma
Mizoram	Aizwal	Nirbhay Sharma	Lal thanhawla
Nagaland	Kohima	Padmanabha Acharya	T.R. Zeliyang
Odisha	Bhubaneswar	S.C. Jamir	Naveen Patnaik
Punjab	Chandigarh	Kaptan Singh Solanki	Prakash Singh Badal
Rajasthan	Jaipur	Kalyan Singh	Vasundhara Raje
Sikkim	Gangtok	S.D. Patil	Pavan Kumar Chamling
Tamilnadu	Chennai	Banwarilal Purohit	J. Jayalalitha
Telangana	Hyderabad	E.S. Laxmi Narasimhan	K. Chandrashekar Rao
Tripura	Agartala	Tathagata Roy	Manik Sarkar
Uttar Pradesh	Luknow	Ram Naik	Akhilesh Yadav
Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Krishan Kanth Paul	Harish Rawat
West Bengal	Kolkata	Keshari NathTripathi	Mamata Banerjee

Union Territories

UT	Capital	Lt. Governor	Chief Minister/Administrator
Andaman Nicobar	Port Blair	Admiral Devendra Kumar Joshi (Retired)	-
Chandigarh	Chandigarh	-	Kaptan Singh Solanki
Dadra Nagar Haveli	Silvassa	-	Ashish Kundra
Lakshadweep	Kavaratti	-	Vijay Kumar
Puducherry	Pondicherry	A.K. Singh	N. Rangaswamy
NCT of Delhi	Delhi	Najeeb Jung	Aravind Kejriwal

FATHER OF SUBJECTS

FATHER OF SUBJECTS

Father of Ayurveda	Charaka
Father of Biology	Aristotle
Father of Physics	Albert Einstein
Father of Statistics	Ronald Fisher
Father of Zoology	Aristotle
Father of History	Herodotus
Father of Microbiology	Louis Pasteur
Father of Botany	Theophrastus
Father of Algebra	Diophantus
Father of Blood groups	Landsteiner
Father of Electricity	Benjamin Franklin
Father of Trigonometry	Hipparchus
Father of Geometry	Euclid
Father of Modern Chemistry	Antoine Lavoisier
Father of Robotics	Nikola Tesla
Father of Electronics	Ray Tomlinson
Father of Internet	Vinton Cerf
Father of Economics	Adam Smith
Father of Video game	Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr.
Father of Architecture	Imhotep
Father of Genetics	Gregor Johann Mendel
Father of Nanotechnology	Richard Smalley
Father of Robotics	Al-Jazari
Father of C language	Dennis Ritchie
Father of World Wide Web	Tim Berners-Lee
Father of Search engine	Alan Emtage
Father of Periodic table	Dmitri Mendeleev
Father of Taxonomy	Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Surgery (early)	Sushruta
Father of Mathematics	Archimedes
Father of Medicine	Hippocrates
Father of Homeopathy	Samuel Hahnemann
Father of Law	Cicero
Father of the American Constitution	James Madison
Father of the Indian Constitution	Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Father of the Green Revolution	Norman Ernest Borlaug
Father of the Green Revolution in India	M.S Swaminathan

COUNTRIES, PRESIDENTS AND PRIME MINISTERS

COUNTRIES, PRESIDENTS AND PRIME MINISTERS

Asia
Country	President	Prime Minister
Afghanistan	Mohammad Ashraf Ghani
Bahrain		Khalifa Bin Salman Al Khalifa
Bangladesh	Abdul Hamid	Sheikh Hasina
Bhutan		Tshering Tobgay
Cambodia		Hun Sen
China	Xi Jinping	Li Keqiang
Indonesia	Joko Widodo
Iran	Hassan Rouhani
Iraq	Fuad Masum	Haider al-Abadi
Israel	Reuven Rivlin	Benjamin Netanyahu
Japan		Shinzo Abe
Jordan		Abdullah Ensour
Kazakhstan	Nursultan Nazarbayev	Karim Massimov
South Korea	Park Geun-Hye	Hwang Kyo-ahn
Kuwait		Jabir Al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan	Almazbek Atambaev	Temir Sariyev
Laos	Choummaly Sayasone	Thongloun Sisoulith
Lebanon	Tammam Salam (Acting)	Tammam Salam
Malaysia		Najib Razak
Maldives	Abdulla Yameen
Mongolia	Tsakhia Elbegdorj	Chimediin Saikhanbileg
Myanmar	Htin Kyaw
Nepal	Bidhya Devi Bhandari	Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli
Pakistan	Mamnoon Hussain	Mohammad Nawaz Sharif
Philippines	Benigno Aquino III
Qatar		Abdallah Bin Nasir Bin Khalifa Al Thani
Singapore	Tony Tan	Lee Hsien Loong
Sri Lanka	Maithripala Sirisena	Ranil Wickremesinghe
Syria	Bashar Al-Asad	Wael Al-Halqi
Taiwan	Tsai Ing wen
Tajikistan	Emomali Rahmon	Kokhir Rasulzoda
Thailand		Prayut Chan-o-cha
United Arab Emirates	Khalifa Bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan	Muhammad Bin Rashid Al Maktum
Uzbekistan	Islam Karimov	Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Vietnam	Truong Tan Sang	Nguyen Tan Dung
Yemen	Abd Rabuh Mansur Hadi	Khaled Bahah
Africa
Country	President	Prime Minister
Algeria	Abdelaziz Bouteflika	Abdelmalek Sellal
Angola	Jose Eduardo Dos Santos
Botswana	Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Burundi	Pierre Nkurunziza
Cameroon	Paul Biya	Philemon Yang
Chad	Idriss Deby Itno	Albert Pahimi Padacke
Egypt	Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi	Sherif Ismail
Ethiopia	Mulatu Teshome	Hailemariam Desalegn
Gambia	Yahya Jammeh
Ghana	John Dramani Mahama
Kenya	Uhuru Kenyatta
Liberia	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Libya	Fayez al - Sarraj	Fayez al - Sarraj
Mali	Ibrahim Boubacar Keita	Modibo Keita
Mauritius	Ameenah Gurib	Anerood Jugnauth
Morocco		Abdelillah Benkirane
Mozambique	Filipe Nyusi	Carlos Agostinho do Rosário
Namibia	Hage Geingob	Saara Kuugongelwa
Niger	Issoufou Mahamadou	Brigi Rafini
Nigeria	Muhammadu Buhari
Rwanda	Paul Kagame	Anastase Murekezi
Senegal	Macky Sall	Mohammed Dionne
Seychelles	James Michel
Sierra Leone	Ernest Bai Koroma
Somalia	Hassan Sheikh Mahamud	Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke
South Africa	Jacob Zuma
South Sudan	Salva Kiir Mayardit
Sudan	Omar Al-Bashir
Tanzania	John Magufuli	Kassim Majaliwa
Tunisia	Beji Caid Essebsi	Habib Essid
Uganda	Yoweri Kaguta Museveni	Ruhakana Rugunda
Zambia	Edgar Lungu
Zimbabwe	Robert Gabriel Mugabe
Australia
Country	President	Prime Minister
Australia		Malcolm Turnbull
Fiji	George Konrote	Frank Bainimarama
New Zealand		John Phillip Key
Europe
Country	President	Prime Minister
Albania	Bujar Nishani	Edi Rama
Armenia	Serzh Sargsian	Hovik Abrahamyan
Austria	Heinz Fischer
Azerbaijan	Ilham Aliyev	Artur Rasizade
Belarus	Alexandr Lukashenko	Andrei Kobyakov
Belgium		Charles Michel
Bulgaria	Rosen Plevneliev	Boyko Borisov
Croatia	Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic	Tihomir Oreskovic
Cyprus	Nikos Anastasiadis
Czech Republic	Milos Zeman	Bohuslav Sobotka
Denmark		Lars Lokke Rasmussen
Finland	Sauli Niinisto	Juha Sipila
France	Francois Hollande	Manuel Valls
Georgia	Giorgi Margvelashvili	Giorgi Kvirikashvili
Germany	Joachim Gauck
Greece	Prokopis Pavlopoulos	Alexis Tsipras
Hungary	Janos Ader	Viktor Orban
Italy	Sergio Mattarella	Matteo Renzi
Latvia	Raimonds Vejonis	Maris Kucinskis
Lithuania	Dalia Grybauskaite	Algirdas Butkevicius
Luxembourg		Xavier Bettel
Macedonia	Gjorge Ivanov	Emil Dimitriev (Interim)
Moldova	Nicolae Timofti	Pavel Filip
Montenegro	Filip Vujanovic	Milo Djukanovic
Netherlands		Mark Rutte
Norway		Erna Solberg
Poland	Andrzej Duda	Beata Szydlo
Portugal	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa	Antonio Costa
Romania	Klaus Iohannis	Dacian Ciolos
Russia	Vladimir Putin	Dmitriy Medvedev
Serbia	Tomislav Nikolic	Aleksandar Vucic
Slovakia	Andrej Kiska	Robert Fico
Slovenia	Borut Pahor	Miro Cerar
Spain		Mariano Rajoy
Sweden		Stefan Löfven
Turkey	Recep Tayyip Erdogan	Ahmet Davutoglu
Ukraine	Petro Poroshenko	Arseniy Yatsenyuk
United Kingdom		David William Donald Cameron
South America
Country	President	Prime Minister
Argentina	Maricio Macri
Bolivia	Juan Evo Morales Ayma
Brazil	Dilma Rousseff
Chile	Michelle Bachelet
Colombia	Juan Manuel Santos
Ecuador	Rafael Correa
Paraguay	Horacio Cartes
Peru	Ollanta Moises Humala Tasso	Pedro Cateriano
Uruguay	Tabaré Vázquez
Venezuela	Nicolas Maduro
North America
Country	President	Prime Minister
Bahamas		Perry Christie
Canada		Justin Trudeau
Costa Rica	Luis Guillermo Solís
Cuba	Raúl Castro	Raúl Castro
El Salvador	Salvador Sánchez Cerén
Grenada		Keith Mitchell
Haiti	Jocelerme Privert (Interim)	Enex Jean Charles
Honduras	Juan Orlando Hernandez
Jamaica		Andrew Holness
Mexico	Enrique Pena Nieto
Nicaragua	Daniel Ortega
Trinidad and Tobago	Anthony Carmona	Keith Rowley
United States of America	Barack Obama