Modern India History :- Lord Hastings & William Bentinck
Lord Hastings 1813-1823
*Gorkha war with Nepal → Treaty of Sagauli + Subsidiary alliance with Nepal
*Third Anlgo Maratha War
- Suppression Of Pindaris
- Full Suppression of Marathas
*Established Ryotwari System of Land Revenue
- Mainly in Madras, Bombay & Assam by Thomas Munroe
- Peasant personally responsible for direct payment of land revenue for 20-40 years
- 50% land revenue for nor irrigated land & 60% for irrigated land
*1817 – Establishment of Hindu college at Calcutta For English & western education by Raja Rammohan Roy & David Hare
*1817 – Government also set up three Sanskrit colleges at Calcutta, Delhi and Agra
*Encouraged freedom of press & abolished censorship issued in 1799 during Wellesley period
*The first vernacular newspaper Samahar Patrika published during his time.
*1817 – Government also set up three Sanskrit colleges at Calcutta, Delhi and Agra
*Encouraged freedom of press & abolished censorship issued in 1799 during Wellesley period
*The first vernacular newspaper Samahar Patrika published during his time.
Lord Amherst (1823-1828)
*First Anglo Burmese War (1824-26)
*Mutiny of Barrackpur (1824)
*Mutiny of Barrackpur (1824)
Lord William Bentinck 1828 – 1835
*1st true British reformer who worked for the welfare of Indians as his primary duty
*As been said ‘He acted where others talked’
*Associated with a great many social reforms viz.
- Abolished sati system
- Prevented female infanticide → Made it an offence
- Banned human sacrifice
- Reform in the Hindu Law of Inheritance
- Suppression of Thugs by colonel Sleemen
*Adopted policy of non-intervention and only annexed states to end misgovernment.
- Ended misgovernment in Mysore and put it under lord Cubbon
- Still Cubbon park at Banglore for his services to Banglore
- Still Cubbon park at Banglore for his services to Banglore
*Incorporated financial reforms to cut down expenditure viz.
- Abolished double bhatta system
- Reduced salaries as increased by Cornwallis to consolidate finance
- Abolished provincial courts set up by Cornwallis to cut down expenditure
*Introduced Mahalwari system under James Thompson
- Mainly in Punjab, Delhi & Central provinces
- whole village community responsible for revenue settlement
- whole village community responsible for revenue settlement
*Introduced local language in lower courts & English in higher courts replacing Persian.
*Under Macaulay committee, made English official & literary language of India
*Laid foundation of Calcutta Medical College – 1835
Charter act (1833)
*East India company no more a commercial agency but a political agent working under crown
*General of Fort William → Gov. General of India
*William Bentinck was the 1st one to become General of India
*A law member was added to Council of Ministers Gov. General
*B. Macaulay was the 1st law member to be added in Bentinck council
*Stated every native of India has equal rights in holding any place, office or employment irrespective of color, religion, cast or place of birth →Indianization of civil services.
*General of Fort William → Gov. General of India
*William Bentinck was the 1st one to become General of India
*A law member was added to Council of Ministers Gov. General
*B. Macaulay was the 1st law member to be added in Bentinck council
*Stated every native of India has equal rights in holding any place, office or employment irrespective of color, religion, cast or place of birth →Indianization of civil services.
Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1835)
*Imparted that government resources were to be devoted to teaching of western sciences and literature through the medium of English language alone
*The Government soon made English as the medium of instruction in its schools and colleges and opened a few English schools and colleges instead of a large number of elementary schools, thus neglecting mass education.
*The Government soon made English as the medium of instruction in its schools and colleges and opened a few English schools and colleges instead of a large number of elementary schools, thus neglecting mass education.
Downward filtration theory → The British planned to educate a small section of upper and middle classes, thus creating a class “Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect” who would act as interpreters between the Government and masses and would enrich the vernaculars by which knowledge of western sciences and literature would reach the masses.
Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36)
*He held the post temporarily
*Removed the restriction on the vernacular press.
Lord Auckland 1836-1842
*1st Afghan War → A disaster for Britishers with an overall Afghan victory
*Tripartite Treaty among the English, Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja of Afghanistan.
*Tripartite Treaty among the English, Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja of Afghanistan.
Lord Ellenborough 1842-1844
*Ended Afghan war & withdrew British forces from Afghanistan
*Annexation of Sindh to the British Empire
*Annexation of Sindh to the British Empire
Lord Hardinge 1844-1848
*1st Anglo Sikh war & Treaty of Lahore
*British emerges victorious
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