NOBEL PRIZES IN 2016 LIST

NOBEL PRIZES IN 2016 LIST

» Nobel Peace Prize 2016Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos won the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos won the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize on 7th October for his efforts to end a 52-year-old war with Marxist rebels.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee said Santos had brought one of the longest civil wars in modern history significantly closer to a peaceful solution, but there was still a danger the peace process could collapse.

The award excluded FARC guerrilla leader Rodrigo Londono, better known by his nom de guerre Timochenko, who signed the peace accord with Santos in Cartagena on September 26.

Millions have been displaced and many beg on the streets of the capital, while economic potential has been held up in the mostly rural nation.

Santos is the first Latin American to receive the peace prize since indigenous rights campaigner Rigoberta Menchu of Guatemala won in 1992, and is the second Colombian laureate after writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez, who won the literature prize in 1982.

The scion of one of Colombia's most prosperous families, Santos was not thought likely to spearhead a peace process with FARC (the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia).

But though he had served as defence minister under hardline ex-president Alvaro Uribe, when the FARC were weakened by a US-backed offensive, Santos used his two terms in office to open negotiations with rebel leadership at four-year-long talks.

His family once owned leading Colombian newspaper El Tiempo, where Santos worked as an editor before turning to politics. He also trained as an economist at the London School of Economics.

He was finance minister in the 1990s, helping to steer the Andean nation through one of its worst fiscal crises.

The Colombian government had hoped peace with FARC would lead to a boom in investment by commodities investors, in gold mines, oil and agriculture in Latin America's fourth-largest economy. The Nobel Peace Prize, worth 8 million Swedish crowns ($930,000), will be presented in Oslo on December 10.

» Nobel Physics Prize 2016David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz get Nobel Prize in Physics British scientists David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz have won the 2016 Nobel Prize in physics. The three, who are affiliated with U.S. universities, were honored for their work on “theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.”

The three Laureates’ use of topological concepts in physics was decisive for their discoveries. Topology is a branch of mathematics that describes properties that only change step-wise. Using topology as a tool, they were able to astound the experts. In the early 1970s, Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless overturned the then current theory that superconductivity or suprafluidity could not occur in thin layers. They demonstrated that superconductivity could occur at low temperatures and also explained the mechanism, phase transition that makes superconductivity disappear at higher temperatures.

In the 1980s, Thouless was able to explain a previous experiment with very thin electrically conducting layers in which conductance was precisely measured as integer steps. He showed that these integers were topological in their nature. At around the same time, Duncan Haldane discovered how topological concepts can be used to understand the properties of chains of small magnets found in some materials.

» Nobel Chemistry Prize 2016Jean-Pierre Sauvage, J Fraser Stoddart Bernard Feringa win Nobel Chemistry Prize for developing molecular machinesFrenchman Jean-Pierre Sauvage, British-born J Fraser Stoddart and Dutch scientist Bernard Feringa won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing molecular machines.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the laureates share the 930,000 US dollars prize for the design and synthesis of molecules with controllable movements, which can perform a task when energy is added.

» Nobel Prize in Medicine 2016Japanese scientist Yoshinori Ohsumi wins 2016 Nobel Prize in Medicine
 Japanese scientist Yoshinori Ohsumi was awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Medicine on 3rd October for discoveries related to the degrading and recycling of cellular components.

The Karolinska Institute honoured Ohsumi for "brilliant experiments" in the 1990s on autophagy, the machinery with which cells recycle their content.

Disrupted autophagy has been linked to various diseases, including Parkinson's, diabetes and cancer. Ohsumi's work has led to a better understanding of how the human body adapts to starvation, infection and other conditions.

Though the concept has been known for more than 50 years, its "fundamental importance in physiology and medicine was only recognized after Yoshinori Ohsumi's paradigm-shifting research in the 1990s," Karolinska said in its citation. Ohsumi was born in 1945 in Fukuoka. He is currently a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. It was the 107th award in the medicine category since the first Nobel Prizes were handed out in 1905. The Nobel Prize is worth the equivalent of about $1.224 million Cdn (eight million kronor).

» Nobel Prize in Economics 2016Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmstrom Win Nobel in Economics for Work on Contracts
Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmstrom were awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science for their work on improving the design of contracts, the deals that bind together employers and their workers, or companies and their customers.

Dr. Holmstrom, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has had a particular influence on executive pay practices. Dr. Hart, a professor at Harvard, has contributed to the debate about the outsourcing of public services like prisons and garbage collection.

“Modern economies are held together by innumerable contracts,” the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awarded the prize, said Monday morning. “Their analysis of optimal contractual arrangements lays an intellectual foundation for designing policies and institutions in many areas, from bankruptcy legislation to political constitutions.”

» Nobel Prize for literature in 2016
Bob Dylan Bob Dylan got Nobel Prize for literature in 2016. According to Nobel Committee, Dylan was being honoured for “having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition.”

Dylan is the first American to win the award since the novelist Toni Morrison won in 1993. Dylan had won 11 Grammys, an Academy Award, a Pulitzer citation and a Presidential Medal for Freedom.

Alfred Nobel, the Man behind the Nobel Prize:
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel.

Few Facts on Alfred Nobel:Known for: The inventor of dynamite and holder of 355 patents
Born: 21 October 1833
Died: 10 December 1896
Languages: Spoke five languages fluently at the age of 17
Professions: Swedish chemist, inventor, engineer, entrepreneur, business man, author and pacifist
Fortune: In his will he left 31 million SEK (today about 265 million dollar) to fund the Nobel prizes

» About the Nobel Prize:
 On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace - the Nobel Prizes. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

At the Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies the Nobel Laureates receive three things: a Nobel Diploma, a Nobel Medal and a document confirming the Nobel Prize amount.

Between 1901 and 2013, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 561 times which include 45 times to women.

 Nobel Prizes - IndiaIndian citizen laureatesThe following are Nobel laureates who were Indian citizens at the time they were awarded the prize. 

 

Year of Award	Laureates	Subject	Description
1913	Rabindranath Tagore	Literature	As a British Indian subject, knighted in 1913, renounced in 1919 in protest over the Jalianwala Bagh Massacre.
1930	C. V. Raman	Physics	Knighted (as a British Indian subject) in 1929.
1979	Mother Teresa	Peace	An ethnic Albanian from the region of Yugoslavia now in the Republic of Macedonia; became a naturalised Indian citizen in 1948.
1998	Amartya Sen	Economics
2014	Kailash Satyarthi	Peace	Face of the Indian movement Bachpan Bachao Andolan against child labour since the 1990s

Laureates of Indian birth and origin who were erstwhile Indian citizensThe following are Nobel laureates of Indian birth and origin who subsequently took foreign citizenship; however, they are still often included in lists of Indian Nobel laureates

Year of Award	Laureates	Subject	Notes
1968	Har Gobind Khorana	Medicine	Acquired U.S. citizenship in 1966.
1983	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	Physics	Acquired U.S citizenship in 1953. Nephew of C.V. Raman, the recipient of the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics.
2009	Venkatraman Ramakrishnan	Chemistry	Dual British and U.S citizen.

Laureates with Indian connections The following are Nobel laureates with Indian connections - those of Indian birth or descent or those who were resident in India when they were awarded the prize.

Year of Award	Laureates	Subject		Description
1902	Ronald Ross		Medicine	Indian-born; British citizen
1907	Rudyard Kipling		Literature	Indian-born; British citizen
1989	14th Dalai Lama		Peace	Tibetan religious leader; exiled to India in 1959.
2001	V. S. Naipaul		Literature	Trinidadian-born person of Indian origin; British citizen

The Youngest Nobel Laureates Category wise

Category	Name	Year of Award	Age of Nobel Laureate
Physics	William Lawrence Bragg	1915	25
Chemistry	Frederic Joliot	1935	35
Physiology or Medicine	Frederick Banting	1923	32
Literature	Rudyard Kipling	1907	42
Peace	Tawakkol Karman	2011	32
Economic Sciences	Kenneth J. Arrow	1972	51

Two Nobel Laureates have declined the Nobel Prize:Jean-Paul Sartre, awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, declined the prize because he had consistently declined all official honours.

Le Duc Tho, awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. They were awarded the Prize for negotiating the Vietnam peace accord. Le Doc Tho said that he was not in a position to accept the Nobel Peace Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason.

Forced to Decline the Nobel Prize:Four Nobel Laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three German Nobel Laureates, Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt and Gerhard Domagk, from accepting the Nobel Prize. All of them could later receive the Nobel Prize Diploma and Medal, but not the prize amount.

Boris Pasternak, the 1958 Nobel Laureate in Literature, initially accepted the Nobel Prize but was later coerced by the authorities of the Soviet Union, his native country, to decline the Nobel Prize.

Under Arrest at the Time of the Award:German pacifist and journalist Carl von Ossietzky, Burmese politician Aung San Suu Kyi and Chinese human rights activist Liu Xiaobo have been under arrest at the time of the award.

Family Noble Laureates:  The Curies were a very successful 'Nobel Prize family'. Marie Curie herself was awarded two Nobel Prizes and the Curie family winning five: Pierre and Marie for Physics in 1901; Marie solo for Chemistry in 1911; daughter Irene and her husband Frederic Joliot-Curie for Chemistry in 1935; and Henry Labouisse, who was married to Pierre and Marie's daughter Eve, accepted on behalf of UNICEF in 1965.

The following are the list of families winning Nobel Prize:Married couplesMarie Curie, Pierre Curie
Irene Joliot-Curie, Frederic Joliot
Gerty Cori , Carl Cori
May-Britt Moser, Edvard I. Moser 
Alva Myrdal, Gunnar Myrdal 

Mother & daughterMarie Curie, Irene Joliot-Curie

Father & daughterPierre Curie, Irene Joliot-Curie

Father & sonWilliam Bragg, Lawrence Bragg 
Niels Bohr, Aage N. Bohr 
Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Ulf von Euler
Arthur Kornberg, Roger D. Kornberg 
Manne Siegbahn, Kai M. Siegbahn 
J. J. Thomson, George Paget Thomson

BrothersJan Tinbergen, Nikolaas Tinbergen