History (Medieval India History :- Delhi Sultanate: Tughlaq Dynasty, Sayyids Dynasty, Lodi Dynasty)

Medieval India History :- Delhi Sultanate: Tughlaq Dynasty, Sayyids Dynasty, Lodi Dynasty

Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 – 1414)

 *Founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq

 *Laid foundation of Tughlaqabad near Delhi

 *Killed by his own son “Ulugh khan” who ascended throne under the name of Muhammad – bin – tughlaq in 1325

Muhammad – Bin – Tughlaq (ill-starred Idealist)

 *Known for his tolerant nature in religious matters & novel experiments

 *Only sultan who had received a literary, religious & philosophical education

 *Formed 2nd capital at Devagiri to control south India under the name of Daultabad

 *He forced royals, people & Sufis to move to Daultabad, but many of them died in rigorous journey (1500 Km)

 *After 2 years Sultan abandoned Daultabad & asked them to return to Delhi

 *Introduced copper coins at par value of silver Tanka but couldn’t prevent forgery, hence stopped the circulation of token money

 *Exchanged silver coins for all copper coins circulated in the market which led to vanish of royal treasury

 *To overcome financial difficulties, he imposed heavy tax revenue on land, which led to strong revolt from peasants (as at the same time a strong famine was also ravaging)

 *Later, Sultan launched a scheme by which “Takkavi loans” (Loan for cultivation) were given to farmers to buy seeds & to extend cultivation.

 *A separate department for agriculture “Diwan – i – Kolhi” was established. This experiment was further continued by Firoz Tughlaq

 *On Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’s Death, Barani quoted “Finally sultan was freed from people & people from sultan”. He also called sultan as mixture of opposites.

Firoz Tughlaq

 *Appointed Khan – i – Jahan Maqbal, a telegu brahmin convert as Wazir of his kingdom to help him in day to day administration

 *Collected 1300 Sanskrit manuscripts from Jwalamukhi temple’s library (Himachal Pradesh) & got them converted into Persian

 *Revived Iqta system & made it hereditary (Nobles hereditary succession to their properties)

 *Had largest slaves in his period (Diwan-e-Bandagani)

Industries & Taxes

 *Levied various taxes →  Jiziya on Non-Muslims

 *Abolished taxes on 28 items as was against the Islamic law

 *1st sultan to impose irrigation tax

 *Developed irrigation network by means of canals & highly encouraged horticulture

 *Developed royal factories “Karkhanas”, in which thousands of slaves were employed

 *Introduced a department called Diwan – i – Khairat to take care of Orphans & Widows

 *Developed free hospitals & Marriage bureaus for poor Muslims

Art & Culture

 *Formed 300 new towns as Firozabad near Red fort (Delhi), Now known as Firozshah Kotla

 *Patronized scholars like Barani & Afif

 *As he was guided by Ulemas, he was intolerant towards Shia Muslims & Sufis

 *Treated Hindus as 2nd grade citizen

- After his death Taimur (Timur) entered Delhi & looted enormous wealth, murdered thousands & left India in 1399 blowing a death blow to Tughlaq dynasty

Sayyids (1414 – 1451)

 *Before departure, Timur appointed Khirz khan as governor of Multan

 *Khirz Khan captured Delhi & founded Sayyids Dynasty

 *Last prince of sayyid dynasty, Alam Shah (Weakest Sayyid Prince) handed over throne to Bahlol lodi & retired to Badaun

Lodis (1451 – 1526)

 *Lodis who succeeded Sayyids were Afgans with Bahlol lodi as 1st Afgan ruler, while his predeccessors were all Turks

 *Succeeded by his Son Sikandar lodi (Greatest of all Lodis) →  He destroyed many Hindu temples & imposed many restrictions on Hindus

 *Succeeded by Ibrahim Lodi (His son), who was highly arrogant in nature & insulted his nobles openly. Nobles who ever revolted were put to death.

 *Greatly displeased by arrogance of Ibrahim Lodi, Daulat khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India, who marched Delhi & killed Ibrahim Lodi in 1st battle of Panipat